A. SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION
Introduction
Trong tiếng Anh, cũng như nhiều ngôn ngữ khác, có thể sử dụng nhiều cấu trúc ngữ pháp khác nhau để diễn đạt cùng một ý.
Nói cách khác, một câu không chỉ có một cách thể hiện duy nhất mà có thể được viết lại (transformed) bằng một cấu trúc khác mà vẫn giữ nguyên nghĩa gốc.
Sentence transformation là quá trình viết lại một câu bằng một hình thức ngữ pháp khác mà không làm thay đổi ý nghĩa ban đầu.
Ví dụ:
| Câu gốc | Câu viết lại | Phương pháp |
|---|---|---|
| He has lived here since 1990. | He moved here in 1990. | Thay đổi thì (present perfect → past simple) |
| We can find him nowhere. | Nowhere can we find him. | Đảo ngữ (inversion) |
| She is the most intelligent student in my class. | No one in my class is as intelligent as she is. | So sánh (superlative → negative-positive) |
| “Don’t touch the wire, boys!” said Mr. Hung. | Mr. Hung told the boys not to touch the wire. | Chuyển câu trực tiếp → gián tiếp (reported speech) |
Methods of Transformation
1. Biến đổi thì trong câu
| Câu gốc | Câu viết lại |
|---|---|
| We started working here three years ago. | We have worked here for three years. |
| This is the first time I have been on a plane. | I have never been on a plane before. |
| That’s strange! My pen isn’t here! | That’s strange! My pen has disappeared! |
| Nicky and Jan aren’t at this school anymore. | Nicky and Jan have left this school. |
2. Sử dụng thể so sánh
| Câu gốc | Câu viết lại |
|---|---|
| She is taller than I am. | I am not as tall as she is. |
| He worked harder than his friends. | His friends did not work as hard as he did. |
| This is the best film I have ever seen. | I have never seen a better film than this one. |
| She is the most kind-hearted woman among the ones you met. | No one among those you met is as kind-hearted as her. |
3. Sử dụng thể đảo ngữ (Inversion)
| Câu gốc | Câu viết lại |
|---|---|
| She can hardly understand what the teacher is saying. | Hardly can she understand what the teacher is saying. |
| Although he worked hard, he couldn’t feed the family. | Hard as he worked, he couldn’t feed the family. |
| They could not find the man anywhere. | Nowhere could they find the man. |
| She rarely eats out. | Rarely does she eat out. |
4. Sử dụng thể bị động (Passive voice)
| Câu gốc | Câu viết lại |
|---|---|
| She can make a decision soon. | A decision can be made soon by her. |
| Their car was stolen long ago. | Someone stole their car long ago. |
| They will build a new school here. | A new school will be built here. |
| She had her friends translate the message. | She had the message translated by her friends. |
5. Sử dụng thể tường thuật (Reported speech)
| Câu gốc | Câu viết lại |
|---|---|
| “Go out, boys!” said the mother. | The mother told her sons to go out. |
| “Would you like a cigar, Peter?” said Mike. | Mike invited Peter to have a cigar. |
| “Do you live here?” said the stranger. | The stranger asked if I lived there. |
| “What do you do for a living, Nam?” said the man. | The man wanted to know what Nam did for a living. |
6. Sử dụng câu điều kiện (Conditional sentences)
| Câu gốc | Câu viết lại |
|---|---|
| If you don’t study hard, you will fail the final exam. | Unless you study hard, you will fail the final exam. |
| The test was too difficult for him to do well. | He could have done well if the test had not been too difficult. |
| He isn’t here to help me. | If he were here, he could help me. |
| I did not know the answer to tell him. | I would have told him if I had known the answer. |
7. Biến đổi cấu trúc câu
| Câu gốc | Câu viết lại |
|---|---|
| Mr. Ba is living next door. He teaches me English. | Mr. Ba, who teaches me English, is living next door. |
| Although it rained heavily, we arrived on time. | Despite the heavy rain, we arrived on time. |
| He came early so that he could get a good seat. | He came early to get a good seat. |
| The test was too difficult for them to do well. | The test was not easy enough for them to do well. |
B. PARAPHRASE
Introduction
Paraphrasing là việc diễn đạt lại một câu hoặc đoạn văn bằng cách thay đổi từ vựng và cấu trúc ngữ pháp, trong khi vẫn giữ nguyên ý nghĩa.
Đây là kỹ năng cốt lõi trong IELTS Writing và Reading, giúp người học tránh lặp từ và thể hiện khả năng ngôn ngữ linh hoạt.
Ví dụ:
| Câu gốc | Câu viết lại |
|---|---|
| More than half of the people who attended this course thought it was great. | The majority of the people who went to this course thought it was amazing. |
| What kinds of personalities do you hate? | There are some character traits that I don’t really like. |
| Most of the people who participated in Hanoikids thought that it was great. | A majority of the participants who took part in Hanoikids claimed that it was amazing. |
| Using renewable sources could stop people from destroying the rainforests. | Using alternative sources such as solar and wind energy can deter people from damaging the rainforests. |
Methods of Paraphrasing
1. Dùng từ trái nghĩa kèm phủ định
| Câu gốc | Câu viết lại |
|---|---|
| People who do not graduate from university may find it hard to get a good job. | It may not be easy for people without a university degree to get a good job. |
2. Thay đổi loại từ (Word form)
| Loại từ gốc | Các dạng khác |
|---|---|
| Beautiful | Beauty (n), Beautify (v), Beautifully (adv) |
| Strong | Strength (n), Strengthen (v), Strongly (adv) |
| Object | Objection (n), Objective (adj), Objectively (adv) |
Ví dụ:
What are some sports that are becoming more popular in your country?
→ I suppose there are several sports that are gaining in popularity.
3. Thay đổi chủ ngữ (Using references)
Many big cities are facing overpopulation. This problem can lead to other issues such as air pollution and traffic congestion.
4. Thay đổi trật tự câu (Reordering clauses)
Ví dụ:
Raising a child can be a challenging task.
→ Raising a child can be a task which is challenging.
Quan hệ nguyên nhân – kết quả:
Because going by bike does not harm the environment, many people choose to cycle.
→ Many people choose to go by bike because this method is environmentally friendly.
Quan hệ tương phản – đối lập:
Going by bike does not harm the environment, but many people do not like it.
→ Many people avoid cycling although it is environmentally friendly.
5. Chuyển câu chủ động ↔ bị động
| Câu gốc | Câu viết lại |
|---|---|
| People say that air pollution is caused by cars. | Air pollution is said to be caused by cars. |
6. Dùng chủ ngữ giả “It”
| Câu gốc | Câu viết lại |
|---|---|
| People say ILP Vietnam is one of the best English centers. | It is said that ILP Vietnam is one of the best English centers. |
7. Thay đổi cấu trúc câu với “for/to” hoặc mệnh đề quan hệ
| Câu gốc | Câu viết lại |
|---|---|
| Strict punishments for driving offenses are the key to reducing traffic accidents. | Harsh penalties for those who disobey traffic laws are the solution to prevent road fatalities. |
8. Dùng từ “as”
| Câu gốc | Câu viết lại |
|---|---|
| Teamwork skills play an important role in school success. | The ability to work together as a team plays an important role in success at school. |
| He wants to get a job, which is related to English language teaching. | He is applying for a job as an English language teacher. |