1. ADVERTISING
| IDEAS | EXPLANATIONS |
|---|---|
| Positives of advertising | |
| Advertising is a key part of modern business | To be a key part of sth: Là một phần quan trọng, then chốt = To play an important role in sth |
| Companies need to tell customers about their products and services | To tell sb about sth: Nói cho ai đó biết về việc gì đó. Ngoài ra có thể dùng: – To remind sb of sth – To notify sb of sth – To inform sb of/about sth |
| Advertisements inform us about the choices we have | Choice (n): Sự lựa chọn = Option (n) |
| Advertising is a creative industry that employs many people | A creative industry (n): Ngành công nghiệp sáng tạo. Industry dùng chỉ lĩnh vực, ví dụ: Banking Industry, Entertainment Industry |
| Without advertising we would have less choice | Without sth: Nếu không có sth |
| Without advertising there would be higher unemployment | Higher unemployment (n): Tình trạng thất nghiệp cao hơn. Employ sb (v): Thuê ai đó. Employment (n): Việc làm. Employer (n): Chủ thuê. Employee (n): Nhân viên. Employed (adj): Được thuê. Unemployed (adj): Thất nghiệp. |
| Advertising is a form of modern art | To be a form of sth: Là một dạng của… |
| People enjoy adverts | To enjoy sth (v): Thích, thưởng thức = To be interested in sth = To be keen on sth = To be fond of sth |
| Negatives of advertising | |
| Advertising manipulates people | To manipulate sb (v): Ảnh hưởng hoặc kiểm soát người khác theo cách không trung thực → To manipulate sb into (doing) sth |
| It aims to persuade people that buying a product will make them happier | To aim to persuade people: Nhằm mục đích thuyết phục người ta → To aim to do sth → To persuade people to do sth = To convince people to do sth |
| Advertisers focus on selling a brand image | To focus on sth: Tập trung vào việc gì đó = To concentrate on sth |
| They use glamorous, successful people | Glamorous (adj): Thu hút, nổi bật |
| We now live in a consumer culture | A consumer culture (n): Nền văn hóa tiêu dùng. Các cụm liên quan: A consumer society – xã hội coi trọng tiêu dùng; Consumer confidence – niềm tin người tiêu dùng; Consumer spending – chi tiêu người tiêu dùng. |
| We are persuaded to follow the latest trend | Be persuaded to do sth: Bị thuyết phục làm gì đó → To persuade sb to do sth. To follow the latest trend: Đuổi theo xu hướng mới nhất. |
| We are encouraged to associate certain brands with a higher status | To be encouraged to do sth: Được khuyến khích làm gì. To associate sth/sb with sth/sb: Gắn liền… với… |
| Advertisers often aim their marketing at children | To aim sth at sb: Nhắm cái gì vào ai đó |
| Children can easily be influenced by advertisements | Can easily be influenced: Dễ dàng bị ảnh hưởng = Can easily be affected. → To influence sb/sth → To affect sb/sth |
| Children put pressure on parents to buy them things | To put pressure on sb: Gây áp lực cho ai đó = To pressure sb to do sth = To be under pressure to do sth |
| Opinions about advertising | |
| Advertising should be regulated | Should be regulated: Nên được kiểm soát → To regulate sth = To control sth by rules |
| Advertising aimed at children should be controlled or even banned | To aim at sb: Nhắm vào ai đó = To target sb/sth |
| Unhealthy foods should not be marketed in a way that attracts children | To attract sb: Thu hút ai đó = To appeal to sb |
| Products that can be a risk to health should display warnings | To be a risk to sb/sth: Có thể gây hại cho… = To harm sb/sth |
| In some countries it is illegal to advertise cigarettes on television | To be illegal: Phạm pháp >< To be legal: Hợp pháp |
| Warnings must be displayed on cigarette packets | To be displayed on sth: Được hiển thị trên cái gì đó |
| However, advertising is necessary in free market economies | A free market economy (n): Nền kinh tế thị trường tự do |
| It creates demand for products | To create demand for sth: Tạo ra nhu cầu. → To meet/satisfy the demand: Đáp ứng nhu cầu |
| Governments should only censor false information or harmful products | To censor sth: Kiểm duyệt, loại bỏ phần không phù hợp = To remove the parts of sth |
2. ANIMAL RIGHTS
| IDEAS | EXPLANATIONS |
|---|---|
| Arguments for animal testing | |
| Animals are used in important scientific research | Scientific research (n): Nghiên cứu khoa học = Scientific study |
| It is necessary to do medical tests on new drugs | To do medical tests on new drugs: Thực hiện kiểm tra thuốc mới → To do tests on sth → It is necessary to do sth |
| Animal testing helps to advance medical and scientific knowledge/medical breakthroughs | To advance knowledge: Nâng cao kiến thức = To develop and improve knowledge. Medical breakthroughs (n): Đột phá y học → Make/Achieve a breakthrough |
| Many important medical discoveries involved experimentation on animals | A medical discovery (n): Khám phá y học. To involve sth: Bao gồm, liên quan = To include sth = To engage sth |
| Researchers aim to minimize the suffering that animals experience | To minimize sth: Giảm thiểu cái gì đó = To reduce sth to the lowest level |
| Testing for the cosmetics industry is now banned in many countries | To be banned = To get banned = To be forbidden = To be prohibited |
| Some medical or scientific experiments cannot be done on humans | Scientific experiments (n): Thí nghiệm khoa học |
| Arguments against animal testing | |
| The benefits of research using animals do not justify the suffering caused | To justify sth: Biện hộ, bào chữa cho = To defend sth |
| It is cruel if it is just done to publish papers | To publish sth: Xuất bản = To release/issue sth |
| There are alternative methods of research | An alternative method (n): Phương pháp thay thế → Take an alternative = Take another option |
| Computer simulation can be used in most cases | Simulation (n): Giả lập |
| The lives of animals should be respected | Life (n): Mạng sống → Plural: Lives (n) |
| Humans have no moral right to do experiments on animals | To have no right to do sth: Không có quyền làm gì đó |
| Arguments for vegetarianism | |
| Vegetarians do not eat foods produced by killing animals | To produce sth: Sản xuất |
| Many people choose a vegetarian diet for moral or health reasons | A vegetarian diet (n): Chế độ ăn chay. Moral reasons (n): Lý do đạo đức → Morality (n) |
| A healthy diet is possible without eating meat | A healthy diet (n): Chế độ ăn lành mạnh >< Unhealthy (adj) |
| It is unnecessary to kill animals for food | It is (un)necessary to do sth: (Không) cần làm gì |
| A vegetarian diet may reduce the risk of disease like cancer | To reduce the risk of disease: Giảm rủi ro bệnh tật >< To pose the risk |
| Many people question the treatment of animals in factory farms | To question sth: Nghi ngờ = To have doubts/suspicions about sth = To doubt sth |
| Arguments against vegetarianism | |
| Vegetarians do not eat a balanced diet | A balanced diet (n): Chế độ ăn cân bằng |
| In many cultures, meat is the main ingredient in traditional meals | The main ingredient in sth: Nguyên liệu chính |
| Meat-eaters argue that animals are below humans in the food chain | Meat-eaters (n): Người ăn thịt. The food chain (n): Chuỗi thức ăn |
| It is completely natural for us to kill them for food | Natural (adj): Tự nhiên, bản năng |
| Our aim should be to improve farming methods | Farming methods (n): Biện pháp nông nghiệp |
| Farms should produce organic food | Organic food (n): Thực phẩm hữu cơ |
| Positives of zoos | |
| Zoos play an important role in wildlife conservation | To play an important role: Đóng vai trò quan trọng = To be a key part of sth. Wildlife conservation (n): Bảo tồn động vật hoang dã |
| They can help to protect endangered species | To protect sth/sb: Bảo vệ. Endangered species (n): Loài đang nguy cấp |
| Zoos allow scientists to study animals and their behavior | To allow sb to do sth: Cho phép ai đó làm gì = To enable sb to do sth |
| Zoos are educational, interesting and fun | Educational (adj): Mang tính giáo dục |
| Children, in particular, enjoy learning about animals | In particular: Nói riêng. In general: Nói chung |
| Zoos provide job opportunities | To provide sth: Cung cấp. Job opportunity (n): Cơ hội việc làm = Job opening = Job vacancy |